Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: On pages 65-66, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found.).

Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds). When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change.Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D.In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

#Marking endnote citations intext manual.

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